One of the panelists for yesterday's FIRE monthly member call linked in the chat to their draft Intellectual Freedom Protection Act. Here's the text:
WHEREAS in 1957’s Sweezy v. New Hampshire, the Supreme Court
of the United States observed that “[t]he essentiality of freedom in
the community of American universities is almost self-evident. No one
should underestimate the vital role in a democracy that is played by
those who guide and train our youth. To impose any strait jacket upon
the intellectual leaders in our colleges and universities would imperil
the future of our Nation. . . . Teachers and students must always remain
free to inquire, to study and to evaluate, to gain new maturity and
understanding; otherwise, our civilization will stagnate and die.”; and
WHEREAS ten years later in Keyishian v. Board of Regents,
the Supreme Court further declared that academic freedom “is a special
concern of the First Amendment, which does not tolerate laws that cast a
pall of orthodoxy over the classroom.”; and
WHEREAS in Healy v. James, the Supreme Court stated that
“the precedents of this Court leave no room for the view that, because
of the acknowledged need for order, First Amendment protections should
apply with less force on college campuses than in the community at
large. Quite to the contrary, ‘the vigilant protection of constitutional
freedoms is nowhere more vital than in the community of American
schools.’”; and
WHEREAS in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette,
the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment prohibits the
government from compelling an individual to engage in speech,
proclaiming that “if there is any fixed star in our constitutional
constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what
shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters
of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith
therein.”; and
WHEREAS many colleges and universities require or invite current
and/or prospective faculty to demonstrate their commitment to diversity,
equity, and inclusion (DEI), often through a written statement that
factors into hiring, reappointment, evaluation, promotion, or tenure
decisions; and
WHEREAS vague or ideologically motivated DEI statement policies can
too easily function as litmus tests for adherence to prevailing
ideological views on DEI, penalize faculty or applicants for holding
dissenting opinions on matters of public concern, and, as the Supreme
Court warned against in Keyishian, “cast a pall of orthodoxy” over our public college and university campuses; and
WHEREAS a survey by the American Association of University Professors
of hundreds of colleges and universities found that more than one-fifth
of higher education institutions include DEI criteria in tenure
standards, and of the institutions that do not include tenure standards,
nearly half indicated they are considering adding such criteria in the
future; and
WHEREAS a survey by the American Enterprise Institute of academic job
postings found that nearly 20 percent required DEI statements; and
WHEREAS according to data presented at an academic conference in 2022
at the University of Southern California, a majority of
tenured/tenure-track faculty members surveyed in a study indicated that
they disfavored a candidate for an academic position when the
applicant's DEI statement didn't reference race/ethnicity and gender
diversity, reflecting the fact that DEI statements are used to favor
candidates who endorse prevailing campus ideological orthodoxies; and
WHEREAS according to a forthcoming FIRE survey, faculty are split
evenly on whether DEI statements are a justifiable requirement for a
university job (50%) or are an ideological litmus test that violates
academic freedom (50%), and three-in-four liberal faculty support
mandatory diversity statements while 90% of conservative faculty and 56%
of moderate faculty see them as political litmus tests; and
WHEREAS the First Amendment to the United States Constitution
prohibits public universities from compelling faculty to assent to
specific ideological views;
Now, therefore, the State of ____ enacts the following:
A. No public institution of higher education shall condition
admission or benefits to an applicant for admission, or hiring,
reappointment, or promotion to a faculty member, on the applicant’s or
faculty member’s pledging allegiance to or making a statement of
personal support for or opposition to any political ideology or
movement, including a pledge or statement regarding diversity, equity,
inclusion, patriotism, or related topics, nor shall any institution
request or require any such pledge or statement from an applicant or
faculty member.
B. If a public institution of higher education receives a pledge or
statement describing a commitment to any particular political ideology
or movement, including a pledge or statement regarding diversity,
equity, inclusion, patriotism, or related topics, it may not grant or
deny admission or benefits to a student, or hiring, reappointment, or
promotion to a faculty member, on the basis of the viewpoints expressed
in the pledge or statement.
C. Nothing in this Act prohibits an institution from requiring a
student, professor, or employee to comply with federal or state law,
including anti-discrimination laws, or from taking action against a
student, professor, or employee for violations of federal or state law.
D. Nothing in this Act shall be construed to limit or restrict the
academic freedom of faculty or to prevent faculty members from teaching,
researching, or writing publications about diversity, equity,
inclusion, patriotism, or other topics.
E. Nothing in this Act prohibits an institution from considering, in
good faith, a candidate's scholarship, teaching, or subject-matter
expertise in their given academic field.
F. Each public institution of higher education in the state shall
post and make publicly available all training materials used for
students, faculty, and staff, on all matters of nondiscrimination,
diversity, equity, inclusion, race, ethnicity, sex, or bias, and all of
its policies and guidance on these issues, on its website.
G. A person whose rights were violated through a violation of this
act may bring an action against a public institution of higher
education, and its agents acting within their official capacities, in a
state or federal court of competent jurisdiction to receive declaratory
relief or enjoin a violation of this Act. If a court finds a violation
of this act, the court shall provide a prevailing plaintiff appropriate
equitable remedies, and award damages, reasonable court costs, and
attorney’s fees.
H. The Attorney General may file suit to enjoin a policy or practice prohibited by Section A or Section B.
I. If an institution, or any of its employees acting in their
official capacities, are found by a court or the institution to have
violated this Act, the institution may take disciplinary action against
the responsible employees in accordance with the institution’s policies
and procedures.
J. In addition to any relief under Sections G and H, the [State
Fiscal Officer] shall impose an administrative penalty of $100,000
against a State Education Institution for each violation of this Act.
The penalty shall be deposited in the [State Treasury] and shall be
allocated to each State Education Institution that is not currently in
violation of this Act and has not violated this Act within the preceding
two fiscal years.
K. Any action brought pursuant to Section G must be brought within 1
year of the latest date the Act is alleged to have been violated.
L. If any provision of this chapter, or the application of any
provision to any person or circumstance, is held to be invalid, the
remainder of this chapter and the application of its provisions to any
other person or circumstance shall not be affected thereby.
FIRE proposes alternative formulations of an enforcement provision for consideration:
Alternative A
In addition to any relief under Sections G and H, the [State Fiscal
Officer] shall impose an administrative penalty of $30 per student
enrolled at the institution on a full-time basis in the fiscal year
preceding the violation, against a State Education Institution for each
violation of this Act. The penalty shall be deposited in the [State
Treasury] and shall be allocated to each State Education Institution
that is not currently in violation of this Act and has not violated this
Act within the preceding two fiscal years.
Alternative B
In addition to any relief under Sections G and H, the [State Fiscal
Officer] shall impose an administrative penalty of the lessor of
$300,000 or 1% of the State Education Institution’s budget during the
fiscal year preceding the violation, against a State Education
Institution for each violation of this Act. The penalty shall be
deposited in the [State Treasury] and shall be allocated to each State
Education Institution that is not currently in violation of this Act and
has not violated this Act within the preceding two fiscal years.